{"id":967,"date":"2026-04-06T03:31:26","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T03:31:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/?p=967"},"modified":"2026-04-06T03:31:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T03:31:26","slug":"steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete-hooked-steel-fiber","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete-hooked-steel-fiber\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect of Number of End Hooks of Steel Fibers on Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c31bc9-92\">Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The effect of the number of steel fiber end hooks on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and its mechanism were studied through single wire pull-out test\uff0c compressive strength test\uff0c and notched beam bending-tensile performance test. The results show that as the number of end hooks on the steel fiber increases\uff0c the ultimate bond strength between the steel fiber and the concrete matrix also increases. The number of end hooks has little effect on the compressive performance of SFRC\uff0c although steel fibers with a single end hook can slightly enhance the compressive strength. With more end hooks\uff0c the descending branch of the SFRC flexural-tensile curve becomes less steep\uff0c the curve becomes fuller\uff0c and the specimens can sustain higher flexural-tensile stresses. As cracks continue to propagate\uff0c steel fibers with two or three end hooks enable SFRC specimens to maintain relatively high residual flexuraltensile strength even after fracture and large deformation occur.Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is widely used to improve crack resistance and durability. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Concrete Institute (ACI)<\/a>, steel fibers significantly enhance the tensile performance of concrete.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_91907f-80\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_91907f-80\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_91907f-80\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_91907f-80 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_91907f-80\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Conventional concrete has very low tensile strength and poor toughness. As a result, cracks can easily develop during the plastic stage, hardening process, and drying stage. Even under relatively small flexural loads, concrete structures are prone to cracking during service, and these cracks may propagate rapidly, leading to sudden brittle failure.To address this issue, <strong>steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)<\/strong> has been widely adopted. By adding <strong>steel fibers for concrete reinforcement<\/strong>, the tensile strength, crack resistance, and overall durability of concrete can be significantly improved. Due to its excellent performance, SFRC is now commonly used in engineering applications that require high crack resistance and structural reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_75dafa-4f\">Types of Steel Fibers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on shape, <strong>steel fibers<\/strong> used in concrete can be classified into:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Straight steel fibers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hooked end steel fibers<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crimped (wave-shaped) fibers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indented fibers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milled or irregular fibers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Among these, <strong>hooked end steel fiber<\/strong> is considered one of the most effective types for concrete reinforcement.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_47ff27-f9\">Why Hooked End Steel Fiber Performs Better<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Early applications mainly used straight steel fibers. However, practical results showed that their ability to improve crack resistance and strength was limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Compared with straight fibers, <strong>hooked end steel fibers<\/strong> provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stronger anchorage with the concrete matrix<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Higher bond strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Better stress transfer capability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improved tensile performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>By optimizing the geometry of the hooked ends, the bonding performance between steel fibers and concrete can be significantly enhanced, allowing the material to better resist crack propagation.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_860d91-5e\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_860d91-5e\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_860d91-5e\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_860d91-5e wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_860d91-5e\">Factors Affecting Bond Strength<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Research shows that the bonding performance of hooked steel fibers is closely related to several structural parameters, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fiber diameter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hook angle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Material tensile strength<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These factors influence the pull-out behavior and failure mode of steel fibers in concrete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To better understand the anchorage mechanism, models such as the <strong>equivalent pulley model<\/strong> have been proposed. In this model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The curved hook section provides rotational friction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The straight part provides sliding friction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This helps predict how fibers resist pull-out under load.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_54daad-ce\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_54daad-ce\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_54daad-ce\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_54daad-ce wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_54daad-ce\">Research Gap: Hook Number<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While many studies focus on fiber shape and size, <strong>the effect of hook number<\/strong> on performance has not been fully explored. In reality, the number of hooks may significantly influence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anchorage capacity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bond strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crack resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pull-out behavior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"261\" src=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5768cf59-1352-49d6-b3f0-534db363a648.png\" alt=\"steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) with end hooks\" class=\"wp-image-968\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5768cf59-1352-49d6-b3f0-534db363a648.png 300w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5768cf59-1352-49d6-b3f0-534db363a648-14x12.png 14w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Steel fibers with end hooks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-970\" style=\"width:300px\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c.png 1024w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/27187d8a-ad40-4598-a8fc-f2fed69af51c-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_b268f8-81\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_b268f8-81\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_b268f8-81\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_b268f8-81 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_b268f8-81\">Purpose of This Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To investigate this, steel fibers with identical length and diameter but different hook numbers (<strong>1 hook, 2 hooks, and 3 hooks<\/strong>) were tested.This study focuses on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The effect of hook number on <strong>steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) strength and toughness<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The pull-out behavior of hooked steel fibers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The underlying mechanism of fiber anchorage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings provide practical guidance for the design and application of <strong>hooked end steel fiber in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_e90e7a-f9\">Experimental Program<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_761b1a-2c\">Materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The concrete used in this study was prepared with ordinary Portland cement (Grade 42.5), meeting standard requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hooked end steel fibers<\/strong> were used as reinforcement, with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Length: 60 mm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diameter: 0.9 mm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hook numbers: 1 hook, 2 hooks, and 3 hooks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Fine aggregate: natural river sand (fineness modulus 2.7)<br>Coarse aggregate: crushed stone (5\u201316 mm)<br>Water reducer: polycarboxylate superplasticizer (\u226525% reduction)<br>Water: standard tap water for concrete mixing<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_c4ba46-b8\">Mix Design<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Two strength grades of <strong>steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)<\/strong> were prepared:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C30<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C50<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Steel fiber dosage:<br>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>40 kg\/m\u00b3<\/strong> (widely used in practical engineering)<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_a77304-44\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_a77304-44\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_a77304-44\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_a77304-44 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_a77304-44\">Testing Methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">lexural Strength and Residual Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Flexural performance is one of the most important indicators for evaluating <strong>steel fiber for steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)<\/strong>, especially its crack resistance and toughness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f<\/mi><mi>L<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>3<\/mn><msub><mi>F<\/mi><mi>L<\/mi><\/msub><mi>L<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mn>2<\/mn><mi>B<\/mi><msubsup><mi>H<\/mi><mrow><mi>s<\/mi><mi>p<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><\/mrow><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">f_L = \\frac{3F_L L}{2BH_{sp}^2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>fL\u200b=2BHsp2\u200b3FL\u200bL\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f<\/mi><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><mi>M<\/mi><mi>O<\/mi><mi>D<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>3<\/mn><msub><mi>F<\/mi><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><mi>M<\/mi><mi>O<\/mi><mi>D<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>L<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mn>2<\/mn><mi>B<\/mi><msubsup><mi>H<\/mi><mrow><mi>s<\/mi><mi>p<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><\/mrow><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">f_{CMOD} = \\frac{3F_{CMOD} L}{2BH_{sp}^2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>fCMOD\u200b=2BHsp2\u200b3FCMOD\u200bL\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f<\/mi><mi>L<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">f_L<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>fL\u200b: ultimate flexural strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f<\/mi><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><mi>M<\/mi><mi>O<\/mi><mi>D<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">f_{CMOD}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>fCMOD\u200b: residual flexural strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F<\/mi><mi>L<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">F_L<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>FL\u200b: maximum load<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F<\/mi><mrow><mi>C<\/mi><mi>M<\/mi><mi>O<\/mi><mi>D<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">F_{CMOD}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>FCMOD\u200b: load at crack opening<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi>L<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">L<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>L: span length<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mi>B<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">B<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>B: specimen width<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mrow><mi>s<\/mi><mi>p<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H_{sp}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>Hsp\u200b: effective height<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 These indicators reflect the <strong>post-crack load-bearing capacity<\/strong>, which is critical for SFRC performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/93347c68-9699-4b5f-b84c-fc9e14ff181b.png\" alt=\"Testing of Hooked End Steel Fiber in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)\" class=\"wp-image-972\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/93347c68-9699-4b5f-b84c-fc9e14ff181b.png 360w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/93347c68-9699-4b5f-b84c-fc9e14ff181b-300x278.png 300w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/93347c68-9699-4b5f-b84c-fc9e14ff181b-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Test site for ultimate tensile strength and<br>residual flexural-tensile strength<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c-1024x683.png\" alt=\"How Hooked End Steel Fiber Performs in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)\" class=\"wp-image-973\" style=\"width:500px\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a11f545e-2e2d-4832-baec-d1de4ade4b6c.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Test of ultimate bond strength between<br>steel fiber and cement mortar<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_99485d-e1\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_99485d-e1\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_99485d-e1\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_99485d-e1 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_99485d-e1\">Results and Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_08f2a8-94\">Effect of Hook Number on Bond Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increasing hook number significantly improves <strong>bond strength<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pull-out resistance ranking:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> <strong>3 hooks &gt; 2 hooks &gt; 1 hook<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maximum anchorage is reached at similar displacement (2\u20133 mm), but:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Higher hook number = higher load capacity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Key insight:<br>More hooks create stronger mechanical anchorage, not just friction.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_dd7e4a-63\">Effect on Compressive Strength<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For <strong>C30 concrete<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Minimal impact from steel fibers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For <strong>C50 concrete<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Compressive strength increases:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 hook: +13.4%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 hooks: +10.8%<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 hooks: +9.7%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Important takeaway:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More hooks \u2260 always better<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Too many hooks may reduce fiber dispersion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_d59ab5-2a\">Effect on Flexural Performance (Most Important)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After cracking:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Concrete stops carrying load<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Steel fibers take over<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With more hooks:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Higher flexural stress<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Better crack bridging<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slower strength reduction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Performance ranking again:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3 hooks &gt; 2 hooks &gt; 1 hook<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_899587-8a\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_899587-8a\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_899587-8a\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_899587-8a wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_899587-8a\">Crack Behavior Mechanism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At early loading:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Concrete carries load<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After cracking:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Load transfers to steel fibers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hooks anchor fibers across cracks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key difference:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 hook fiber<\/strong> \u2192 easily pulled out or straightened<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2\u20133 hook fibers<\/strong> \u2192 remain anchored longer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 Result:<br>Better durability and structural safety<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9\"]{font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading967_367f4f-d9\">Practical Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More hooks improve:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bond strength<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crack resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flexural performance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Too many hooks may reduce workability and increase cost<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>Best choice in most projects: 2-hook steel fiber<\/strong><br>\ud83d\udc49 <strong>High-performance projects: 3-hook steel fiber<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/products\/glued-hooked-end-steel-fibers\/\">Hooked end steel fiber<\/a><\/strong> is widely used in concrete reinforcement. Learn more about our hooked steel fiber products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract The effect of the number of steel fiber end hooks on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and its mechanism were studied through single wire pull-out test\uff0c compressive strength test\uff0c and notched beam bending-tensile performance test. The results show that as the number of end hooks on the steel fiber increases\uff0c the&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"Uncategorized"}]},"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"zhongdimei520","author_link":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/author\/zhongdimei520\/"},"comment_info":0,"category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":12,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":12,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/967","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=967"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/967\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":977,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/967\/revisions\/977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=967"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=967"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zdmflooring.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=967"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}